Análisis de tesis médicas de pregrado en una universidad de Perú, 2011-2020: publicación en revistas indizadas y factores asociados / Analysis of undergraduate medical theses at a Peruvian university, 2011-2020: publication in indexed journals and associated factors

Los factores cuantitativos asociados a la publicación de tesis médicas en el pregrado no han sido lo suficientemente estudiados. Por ello, la investigación describió las tasas de publicación, así como la asociación con las características de las tesis, del asesor y del tesista. Se accedió, de manera virtual, a las tesis médicas de pregrado de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Perú, durante el período 2011-2020. Mediante el análisis de regresión logística múltiple, se evaluó la asociación entre la publicación de la tesis en revistas indizadas (Scopus) y la experiencia previa en publicación en revistas indizadas en Scopus del asesor y del tesista, la unidad de análisis, el tamaño de muestra, diseño de estudio, número de páginas, aprobación por el comité de ética de investigación y el sexo del tesista. De 884 tesis solo 12 (1,5 por ciento) se publicaron; lo que constituye el 1,23 por ciento de las tesis publicadas anualmente, con tendencia constante. La experiencia previa en publicación del asesor se asoció con la colocación de las tesis en revistas indizadas (OR = 8,97 [1,70-42,98]; p = 0,005) y en revistas indizadas a Scopus (OR = 14,64 [1,24-336,11]; p = 0,037). Presentar la aprobación del comité de ética de la institución se asoció con publicar la tesis en revistas indizadas a Scopus (OR = 12,45 [1,06-285,94]; p = 0,050). La publicación de tesis médicas de pregrado en esta universidad es baja y constante. Se asoció con tener un asesor de tesis con experiencia previa en publicaciones en revistas indizadas a Scopus y a tener aprobación por comité de ética. Urge implementar estrategias para aumentar la publicación de tesis(AU)

Quantitative factors associated with the publication of undergraduate medical theses have not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the research described publication rates, as well as the association with thesis, advisor, and thesis writer characteristics. Undergraduate medical theses from the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Peru, during the period 2011-2020 were accessed virtually. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between thesis publication in indexed journals (Scopus) and the previous publication experience in indexed journals in Scopus of the advisor and the thesis author, the unit of analysis, sample size, study design, number of pages, approval by the research ethics committee and the gender of the thesis author. Out of 884 theses only 12 (1.5percent) were published; this constitutes 1.23percent of the theses published annually, with a constant trend. The previous publication experience of the advisor was associated with the placement of theses in indexed journals (OR = 8.97 [1.70-42.98]; p = 0.005) and in journals indexed to Scopus (OR = 14.64 [1.24-336.11]; p = 0.037). Presenting the approval of the institution's ethics committee was associated with publishing the thesis in journals indexed to Scopus (OR = 12.45 [1.06-285.94]; p = 0.050). Publication of undergraduate medical theses at this university is low and consistent. It was associated with having a thesis advisor with previous experience in publishing in Scopus-indexed journals and having approval by an ethics committee. There is an urgent need to implement strategies to increase thesis publication(AU)

Diagnóstico del uso de las TIC's como recurso de aprendizaje en los estudiantes de Pregrado en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas / Diagnosis of the use of ICTs as a learning resource for undergraduate students in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Matanzas

RESUMEN Introducción: las tecnologías de la información y comunicación hacen referencia a un concepto empleado para designar lo relativo a la informática conectada a internet. Para todo tipo de aplicaciones educativas, las tecnologías de la información y comunicación son medios y no fines, son herramientas y materiales de construcción que facilitan el aprendizaje, el desarrollo de habilidades y distintas formas de aprender. Objetivos: diagnosticar el comportamiento del uso de las tecnologías de la información y el conocimiento, como recurso de aprendizaje, en los estudiantes de pregrado en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas. Materiales y Método: se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 90 estudiantes de pregrado y a 12 profesores. Se creó una base de datos automatizada y se resumió la información primaria haciendo uso de técnicas estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudiantes (61,1%) considera importante el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en su formación, pero el 25,6% no la utiliza, el 54,6 % no está conforme con el tiempo de uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en clases, el 41,1% no tiene habilidades para la búsqueda de información, el 72,1 % considera que el uso, espacio y las condiciones de los medios y tecnologías que se dan en esta institución no son buenos y el 100 % de los profesores platean la necesidad de capacitación en este aspecto. Conclusión: se evidenció la necesidad de potenciar las habilidades de los alumnos, en cuanto al uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación y capacitar a los docentes (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) refer to a concept used to designate what is related to Informatics connected to Internet. For all kind of educational applications, ICTs are means and not ends; they are construction tools and materials that facilitate learning, skills development and different ways of learning. Objectives: to diagnose the behavior of the use of information and communication technologies (TIC's), as a learning resource, in undergraduate students in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Matanzas. Materials and method: a survey was applied to a sample of 90 undergraduate students and 12 teachers. An automated database was created and primary information was summarized using descriptive statistical techniques. Results: most of students (61.1%) consider the use of ICTs in their training to be important, but 25.6% do not use it; 54.6% is not satisfied with the time of use of ICT during lessons; 41.1% do not have information searching skills, 72.1% consider that the use, space and conditions of the means and technologies existing in this institution is not good and 100 % of teachers address the need for training in this aspect. Conclusion: It is evident the need to strengthen the skills of the students, in terms of the use of ICTs, and to train the teachers (AU).

A Qualitative Study of Students' Perception on Premedical Curriculum / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: A Womans University College of Medicine faces curriculum reform in 2020. To determine what reforms are needed in the premedical curriculum, a needs assessment was conducted.METHODS: This study utilizes qualitative study method. A focus group interview was conducted with four students who completed premedical courses from November to December 2018. Interviews were conducted in two groups by grade level, and each interview was recorded. After transcribing the recorded contents, four researchers analyzed the data using conventional content analysis.RESULTS: Students chose A Womans University College of Medicine considering their future careers as female medical professionals and other considerations such as scholarships. The students expected diverse experiences, exchanges with students in different departments, and fusion of medicine with other fields during their premedical years. Overall, these expectations were met during the course, but individual needs for customized education, such as liberal arts, were unmet. In general, students' attitudes toward premedical courses were very motivated and they actively used resources provided by the university.CONCLUSION: Qualitative research can provide a better understanding of quantitative data, such as a student survey performed to prepare for curriculum reform. Based on this understanding, the curriculum will be reformed to reflect the educational needs of students, to motivate students and to provide satisfactory education.

Connected in cinema: educational effects of filmmaking classes on medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore what the students experienced in short filmmaking class performed to 1st grade premedical students of a medical school, and to trace educational effects of the class. METHODS: Taking a qualitative approach, the authors used semi-structured interviews to collect the data. This study employed the quota sampling method to purposefully select students to interview. Data coding and analysis were performed based on the grounded theory. The filmmaking experiences consistently described by the interviewees were labeled and reorganized into categories through the open, axial, and selective coding. RESULTS: The students experience the group filmmaking class as a participatory class. Learners also experienced the procedure of performing complicated group tasks according to detailed and scheduled processes. Participation leads to collaboration. Collaboration here is through communication and participation, not through mechanical cooperation. Students also experience various dimensions of communication. The students learned that successful performance of the group filmmaking process is enabled through consideration towards others, and experience a sense of connectedness resulting in a type of community spirit. Having fun and interest, finally, the students experience the sense of accomplishment and sharing through joint screening. CONCLUSION: Students' shared experiences and their education effects of the filmmaking class can be explained in terms of the above mentioned seven closely intertwined categories. In this class, the students were able to express emotions they would not normally express. Through this, the students were able to find the true character and new aspects of their fellow students, forming intimacy, which led to a sense of belonging and connectedness.

Evaluation of critical thinking course for premedical students using literature and film / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Premedical education is one stage in which various educational approaches are used to promote critical thinking. Given that critical thinking ability could be regarded as one of the intended outcomes of social science and humanities education, this study explored the effectiveness of a course to promote critical thinking in a premedical curriculum using both literature and film. METHODS: Fifty-one 2nd year premedical students enrolled in a 'Critical Thinking for Premeds' course. Students were required to read or watch a selected material, submit group discussion agendas, attend five group discussion sessions, and write critical essays. Five tutors facilitated the group discussions, observed and assessed the students' performance and critical essay. Students' critical thinking disposition and opinion on assigned reading materials were examined before and after the course. A program evaluation survey was conducted to investigate the students' reaction after the course. RESULTS: On average, students appreciated 78.6% of the total assigned materials. The students indicated that group discussions and the narrative comments of facilitators contributed the most to develop critical thinking. After the course, the students' tendency preferring cheaper price books, as well as medicine-related books decreased significantly. Students who had critical essay scores greater than or equal to the median demonstrated a significant improvement in critical thinking disposition scores. CONCLUSION: The course was well-accepted by premedical students and had several positive outcomes. A more effective use of the course could be anticipated with a clearer explanation of the purpose, the consideration of previous reading experience, and use of complementary learning activities.

Estudio CURIE-2017: Nociones de los estudiantes del internado rotativo de medicina del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín (Quito) con respecto al uso y aplicación de estudios imagenológicos / CURIE-2017 Study: Notions of the students of the rotating medical internship of the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (Quito) regarding the use and application of general imaging studies

La solicitud inadecuada de estudios médicos basados en imágenes es un problema en Ecuador y otros países. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de establecer el nivel de conocimientos de 125 internos rotativos de un hospital de Quito, procedentes de varias universidades locales, en el uso de estudios imagenológicos. Ellos tuvieron en general un bajo desempeño en la prueba de conocimientos, por lo que se recomienda instaurar el uso de criterios más apropiados en la enseñanza de radiología en las universidades.

Wrong application of medical image studies is an issue in Ecuador and other countries. This study was done to stablish the level of knowledge on image studies of 125 fellows from several local universities working at a hospital in Quito. The results show low performance in the knowledge test, therefore recomendation is to establish better teaching criteria on radiology subject at Universities.

Factors That Influence Educational Effectiveness and Learning Satisfaction in Biomedical Research Programs during Premedical School / 의학교육논단

Although student research programs have been implemented worldwide, research programs during premedical school have unique characteristics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate factors that influence the effects of premedical school research programs. Eighty second-year premedical students at Pusan National University were included in the study. Effect elements and influential factors were extracted through reference reviews and in-depth individual interviews. A Likert scale questionnaire was developed using the extracted elements and factors, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to analyze the reliability of the survey. The mean value and the standard deviation for each question were calculated to evaluate education effectiveness and learning satisfaction, and the influence of each factor on effect was analyzed using correlation analysis. Students' research skills and knowledge were improved in the short term; however, interest in research or in a career as a researcher did not increase. Student interest, participation, and contributions were important factors. Among professors, passion, considerateness, and teaching method including the level of lesson were influential factors. Implementation of curriculum and support and guidance were influential as well, whereas evaluation system was not a factor. To improve student research programs, several factors that influence education effectiveness and learning satisfaction should be considered.

How Can We Improve Premedical Education in Korea? / 의학교육논단

When a new educational system for college students in South Korea was established in 1946, the National Committee for Educational Planning adopted a 6-year curriculum of medical education, consisting of a 2-year premedical component and a 4-year medical component. For more than half a century, the premedical curriculum has received little attention. However, it is very important for premedical students to have a range of experiences that could be useful in their future medical careers. In 2005, another change was made to the system of medical education, in which medical schools without a 2-year premedical curriculum were established. This began to stimulate interest in premedical education, and more and more professors have become interested in premedical education as 6-year medical colleges have become more popular than before. Since 2015, the Education and Cultural Center of the Korean Association of Medical Colleges has annually hosted a workshop for redesigning premedical education; these workshops quickly fill up with registrants, reflecting the participants' lively interest in premedical education. The problems of premedical education are mostly due to students' and educators' attitudes. A more effective approach will be needed in the educational system of the future to train highly competent medical doctors. To judge whether an educational program is successful, its aims must be clearly articulated. For this reason, medical colleges must prepare premedical education curricula based on their educational aims. It is expected that the system of premedical education will be strengthened in the future due to the growing awareness of its importance.

Premedical Curriculum in Seoul National University College of Medicine / 의학교육논단

The main points of issue with the former premedical curriculum of Seoul National University College of Medicine (SNUCM) were the absence of educational objectives, decline in student motivation caused by uniform education, students' lack of a sense of belonging, and lack of humanistic education. In accordance with these issues, there were five aspects considered for the improvement of the premedical curriculum: reform based on the newly established educational objectives that corresponds with the 6-year medical school curriculum as a whole, expansion of elective courses and the development of personalized curriculum for the improvement of students' learning motives, expansion of social sciences and humanities curriculum for the development of students' capabilities as good doctors, active participation of medical professors in premedical education, and expansion of informal education and the student support program. According to the assessment done after the implementation of the reformed curriculum, premedical students were gratified with its establishment and management of multifarious liberal arts and major subjects. In preparation of the more rigorous entrance quota of the premedical school at SNUCM, there is ongoing reform of required major subjects and establishment of new subjects in the premedical curriculum in pursuit of unity with the 6-year medical curriculum. Moreover, there is ongoing development of an e-portfolio system for the association of premedical and medical education, integration of formal and informal curriculum, and reinforcement of student observation and formative evaluation. Further discussion on the assessment and betterment of premedical curriculum is needed.

What We Learned from the Experience of an Introduction to Surgery Class for First Grade Premedical Students

PURPOSE: In order to enhance the goal of premedical education, we developed new clinical educational course of surgery for first-grade premedical students. METHODS: In 2015, from September 4th to December 18th, the educational performance records of firstgrade premedical students were evaluated, who attended the new, optional major class Introduction to surgery for future doctors. The non-compliance score was calculated as the sum of the total frequency of absences, number of late arrivals to class, and failure to submit the pre-lecture homework. This score was correlated with students' educational performance records. The premedical students' feed-back about this new class was summarized. RESULTS: Among 79 first-grade premedical students at Yonsei University College of Medicine, 43 premedical students (54.4%) chose to attend the new class. Premedical students' individual non-compliance scores were inversely and significantly correlated to written test performance (R²=0.237, p=0.001). In survey analysis, the mean score for premedical students' course satisfaction was 8.6. They strongly suggested this new educational course should be continued for first-grade premedical students with a mean rating of 9.1. Premedical students were very impressed and satisfied by laparoscopic surgical simulation and visiting the operating room, with ratings of 9.7 and 9.3, respectively. CONCLUSION: This class is the first movement to introduce the surgery to the premedical students in Yonsei University. In spite of their scanty medical knowledge, this clinical class can provide positive influence on educational motivation as premedical students. Further modification of this class is mandatory based on what we learned from this educational experience.

The Effects of Peer Assessment and Peer Feedback in Writing Education for Premedical Students / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: There are several problems which hamper the successful teaching of writing in medical education. To deal with these problems, teachers should be conscious of two general questions; what to teach in writing class for premedical students; and how to utilize the writing class time. This paper examines the value of peer assessment and peer feedback in dealing with those questions. METHODS: This paper reviews a subject in premedical education, Logical Thinking and Writing, from the perspective of peer assessment and peer feedback. RESULTS: Students accomplished the learning objectives and they recognized the value of peer assessment and feedback. CONCLUSION: Peer assessment and peer feedback foster students' participation in class and accelerate the learning process. This strategy reminds students of the fact that they are writing an essay for an audience.

Analysis the Change of Recognition and Attitude between Before and After Experience of Emergency Medicine Education Program in Medical School Students

PURPOSE: This study was performed to analyze the results from a 2016 three-day emergency medicine camp for premedical students. METHODS: The Public Relations Committee of Korea Emergency Medical Association planned the camp. We sent an official letter to 41 universities to recruit participants and create programs for three days. Questionnaires were prepared and analyzed before and after the camp. RESULTS: A total of 37 participants participated. There were three times more males than females. According to the recognition survey, knowledge (3.4±2.0 vs. 7.2±1.8) and preference (5.4±1.8 vs. 7.4±1.4) after the camp were better than before the camp (p<0.05). In detail, anxiety about funerals (3.5±2.5 vs. 2.4±2.8) and perception of the role (5.8±2.2 vs. 4.5±2.6) were improved (p<0.05). Worries regarding physical and psychological burden and danger were also greatly improved (p<0.05). The mean satisfaction was 8.6 points out of 10 points, according to the general survey. CONCLUSION: The three-day camp increased awareness of emergency medicine and improved their preferences.

Internista Internista / Internist Internist

"Esta encrucijada de destinos ha forjado un patria densa e indescifrable donde lo inverosímil es la única medida de la realidad. Nuestra insignia es la desmesura. En todo: en lo bueno y en lo malo, en el amor y en el odio, en el júbilo de un triunfo y en la amargura de una derrota. Destruimos a los ídolos con la misma pasión que los creamos. Somos intuitivos, autodidactas espontáneos y rápidos y trabajadores encarnizados, pero, nos enloquece la sola idea del dinero fácil. Tenemos en el mismo corazón la misma cantidad de rencor político y de olvido histórico. Un éxito resonante o una derrota deportiva pueden costarnos tantos muertos como un desastre aéreo. Por la misma causa somos una sociedad sentimental en la que prima el gesto sobre la reflexión, el ímpetu sobre la razón, el calor humano sobre la desconfianza. Tenemos un amor casi irracional por la vida, pero nos matamos unos a otros por las ansias de vivir. Al autor de los crímenes más terribles lo pierde una debilidad sentimental. De otro modo: al colombiano sin corazón lo pierde el corazón" (1). En tiempos de la globalización, la conectividad, el libre acceso a toda la información presente en la red (con sustento y rigor científico y la que no los tiene), las diferentes ofertas que invaden nuestro espacio íntimo virtual, permiten a las redes sociales actuar con el ímpetu de la rapidez y la sorpresa, de tal manera que en espacios mínimos de tiempo (impensables en el siglo XX) ahora irrumpen con fuerza, en ocasiones desmedida, al presentarse en la sociedad, aglutinar sentimientos y provocar reacciones comunitarias visibles, generando impactos y resultados inmediatistas con consecuencias que solo el tiempo mostrará en su verdadera dimensión.

Improvement of debate competence: an outcome of an introductory course for medical humanities / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Academic debate is an effective method to enhance the competences of critical thinking, problem solving, communication skills and cooperation skills. The present study examined the improvement of debate competence which is an outcome of debate-based flipped learning. METHODS: A questionnaire was administrated to second-year premedical school students at Yeungnam University. In total 45 students participated in the survey. The survey questionnaire was composed of 60 items of eight subfactors on debate competence. To investigate the homogeneous of low and high achievement groups, 18 items on empathy and 75 items on critical thinking scales were used. To compare the pretest with posttest scores, data was analyzed using paired sample t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between low and high achievement groups by average grade at the beginning of the semester. There was a significant improvement in high achievers on the logical argumentation (p<0.001), proficiency in inquiry (p<0.01), active participation (p<0.001), ability to investigate and analyze (p<0.001), observance of debate rules (p<0.05), and acceptability (p<0.05). Even in low achievers, active participation (p<0.05) and ability to investigate and analyze (p<0.01) were significantly improved. CONCLUSION: Results showed that students could improve their debate competence by the debate-based flipped learning. A prospective and comparative study on the communication and teamwork competences needs to be conducted in the future. It is suggested that in-depth discussion for the curriculum design and teaching will be needed in terms of the effectiveness and the outcomes of the medical humanities.

Stress, anxiety & depression among medical undergraduate students & their socio-demographic correlates.

Background & objectives: Presence of psychological morbidity in medical undergraduate students has been reported from various countries across the world. Indian studies to document this burden are very few. Therefore, the presence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical undergraduate students was assessed using a previously validated and standardized instrument, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) and the associations with their socio-demographic and personal characteristics were identified. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, a self-administered, pre-designed, pre-tested anonymous questionnaire including DASS 42 was used to collect information on basic socio-demographic (age, gender, semester) and personal characteristics (alcohol and tobacco use, academic performance). All students present on the day of survey were contacted for participation after obtaining informed written consent. Scores for each of the respondents over each of the sub-scales (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) were calculated as per the severity-rating index. Results: More than half of the respondents were affected by depression (51.3%), anxiety (66.9%) and stress (53%). Morbidity was found to be more in 5th semester students rather than students of 2nd semester. Females reported higher score as compared to their male counterparts. Perception of self assessment in academics was strongly associated with the higher score. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of medical undergraduate students was found to be depressed, anxious and stressed revealing a neglected area of the students’ psychology requiring urgent attention. Student counselling services need to be made available and accessible to curb this morbidity.

The correlation between achievement goals, learning strategies, and motivation in medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the pursuit of achievement goals in medical students and to assess the relationship between achievement goals, learning strategy, and motivation. METHODS: Two hundred seventy freshman and sophomore premedical students and sophomore medical school students participated in this study, which used the Achievement Goals Scale and the Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Questionnaire. RESULTS: The achievement goals of medical students were oriented toward moderate performance approach levels, slightly high performance avoidance levels, and high mastery goals. About 40% of the students were high or low in all three achievement goals. The most successful adaptive learners in the areas of learning strategies, motivation, and school achievement were students from group 6, who scored high in both performance approach and mastery goals but low in performance avoidance goals. And goal achievement are related to the academic self-efficacy, learning strategies, and motivation in medical students. CONCLUSION: In the context of academic achievement, mastery goals and performance approach goals are adaptive goals.

How different are premedical freshmen who enter after introducing a multiple mini-interview in a medical school? / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Seoul National University College of Medicine (SNUMC) introduced a multiple mini-interview (MMI) to assess the noncognitive ability of applicants in 2013. This study aims to examine whether students differ with regard to their personal career values and academic achievements by admission type. METHODS: We administered a survey about career values and self-perception of competencies. We then compared the survey results and academic achievements by admission type. Finally, the correlation coefficient between MMI score and academic achievement was calculated in the MMI group. The data were analyzed by t-test and correlation analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in career values between groups. For self-perception of competency, only the 'interact in heterogeneous groups' domain was higher for those who entered through the MMI. The MMI group had a higher and broader level of academic achievement. Within the MMI group, there was a significant correlation between grade point average and MMI station scores. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of students who entered through the MMI were more in accordance with the goals of SNUMC and the competency of future doctors. Considering the unique feature of premedical academic achievement, this result implies that such students have superior noncognitive abilities, such as self-development and internal motivation. How these differences change subsequently remains to be seen.

Academic burnout and selection-optimization-compensation strategy in medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between academic demand, academic burnout, and the selection-optimization-compensation (SOC) strategy in medical students. METHODS: A total of 317 students at Yeungnam University, comprising 90 premedical course students, 114 medical course students, and 113 graduate course students, completed a survey that addressed the factors of academic burnout and the selection-optimization-compensation strategy. We analyzed variances of burnout and SOC strategy use by group, and stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS: There were significant differences in emotional exhaustion and cynicism between groups and year in school. In the SOC strategy, there were no significant differences between groups except for elective selection. The second-year medical and graduate students experienced significantly greater exhaustion (p<0.001), and first-year premedical students experienced significantly higher cynicism (p<0.001). By multiple regression analysis, subfactors of academic burnout and emotional exhaustion were significantly affected by academic demand (p<0.001), and 46% of the variance was explained. Cynicism was significantly affected by elective selection (p<0.05), and inefficacy was significantly influenced by optimization (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: To improve adaptation, prescriptive strategies and preventive support should be implemented with regard to academic burnout in medical school. Longitudinal and qualitative studies on burnout must be conducted.

Portfolio assessment in leadership course for premedical students / 한국의학교육

No abstract available.